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This document employs decimal ISO 8859-1 characters for Icelandic letters.

ICELANDIC-ENGLISH GLOSSARY OF SELECTED GEOSCIENCE TERMS

Richard S. Williams, Jr.
U.S. Geological Survey
Quissett Campus
Woods Hole, MA 02543 U.S.A.

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY OPEN-FILE REPORT 95-807

October 1995

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity with U.S. Geological Survey editorial standards.
Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.

This manuscript is available in .rtf and WordPerfect formats
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Glossary

Introduction

When dealing with Icelandic names of physical geographic features on maps and in journal articles it is important for students of the geology of Iceland to recognize that most place-names are compound words. For example, the volcanic island Surtsey is a compound word derived from the root ey, the Icelandic word for island, and Surts, the genitive case of Surtur, a mythological Norse giant of fire (world destroyer). Svartifoss, the beautiful cascade which flows over columnar basalts along the course of Bćjargil in Skaftafell National Park, is a compound word derived from foss, the Icelandic word for waterfall, and svarti, the definite nominative case form of svartur, the Icelandic adjective for the color black. Snćfellsjökull, an imposing stratovolcano at the tip of the Snćfellsnes peninsula on the north side of Faxaflói (named after the small ice cap (11 km2) on its summit), is a compound word derived from snć, the root of snćr, an Icelandic word for snow; and fells, the genitive case of the Icelandic word for a usually isolated mountain, plus the word jökull, the Icelandic word for glacier (etymologically the same origin as the word icicle in English).

Icelandic is rich in words which describe natural features and phenomena often in a very poetic way, such as Snćfellsjökull (described above), Skjaldbreiđur ("broad shield"), and Herđubreiđ ("broad shoulders"). Because Icelandic and English are derivations of an older parent Germanic language, some words have retained a similar spelling and usage even after the passage of more than a thousand years or more (for example, fingur-finger, frost, mýri-mire (swamp), land, norđur-north, bull (nonsense), etc.). Icelandic (Old Norse) has remained virtually unchanged, while English has evolved through several well defined stages: "Old English" (pre-1100 A.D.), "Middle English" (1100 A.D. to 1500 A.D.), and "Modern English" (post-1500 A.D.) and has been strongly influenced by the Latin and French languages.

Icelandic and English share a generally common alphabet except for three Icelandic letters, eth (đ,Đ), thorn (ţ, Ţ), and ae (ć, Ć), three letters once used in English and four English letters not used in Icelandic. The letters c, q, w are not used in Icelandic except in a few foreign loanwords. The letter z was used in place of the s in some Icelandic words until a few years ago (for example, Íslenzk, now Íslensk). Icelandic also uses diacritical marks to denote independent vowel sounds. Modern Icelandic has 33 letters in its alphabet: a, á, b, d, đ , e, é, f, g, h, i, í, j, k, l, m, n, o, ó, p, r, s, t, u, ú, v, x, y, ý, z, ţ, ć, and ö (note that words beginning with ţ, ć, and ö are listed as the last three letters in Icelandic dictionaries). There are 14 discrete vowels (printed and spoken) used in Icelandic versus 6 printed vowels (and many more spoken) used in modern English. The transliteration of the Icelandic alphabet into the English alphabet usually results in the deletion of all diacritical notations over the vowels and the use of a d or D for đ and Đ, th or Th for ţ and Ţ, and ae or Ae for ć and Ć.

As noted before, in the past 1,100 years English has undergone profound changes; Icelandic is little changed; English has lost most of its inflexions (case endings); Icelandic has retained its inflexions (it employs four singular and plural case endings for the three grammatical genders: masculine, feminine, and neuter). Also, the Northern Branch (Icelandic, Fćroese, Norwegian, Swedish, and Danish) of the Germanic Language uses a post-positive article, in which the definite article (the) generally follows and is attached to the noun, such as in the title of the Icelandic scientific journal Náttúrufrćđingurinn (The Naturalist). The definite article can precede the noun if an intervening adjective is used, however, as in Hiđ íslenska náttúrufrćđifélag (The Icelandic Natural History Society). Hinn hvíti jökull (the white glacier) can also be expressed as hvíti jökullinn. In addition, the definite article must agree in gender number and case with the noun. No indefinite article (a or an) is used in Icelandic; the absence of the definite article indicates the sense of an indefinite article.

The following masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns are declined in the singular and plural for each of the four cases: nominative (subject), accusative (direct object), dative (indirect object), and genitive (possessive), first without and then with the definite article.

 

 

 

 

                                              jökull (glacier) - masculine noun

 

 

 

               (a glacier)                                                              (glaciers)

 

 

 

sg.           nom.        jökull                                                      pl.            nom.        jöklar

 

               acc.         jökul                                                                      acc.         jökla

 

               dat.          jökli                                                                       dat.          jöklum

 

               gen.         jökuls                                                                    gen.         jökla

 

 

 

               (the glacier)                                                                           (the glaciers)

 

 

 

               sg.           nom         jökullinn                                   pl.            nom.        jöklarnir

 

               acc.         jökulinn                                                  acc.         jöklana

 

               dat.          jöklinum                                                 dat.          jöklunum

 

               gen.         jökulsins                                                gen.         jöklanna

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                              borg (rocky hill) - feminine noun

 

 

 

               (a rocky hill)                                                                          (rocky hills)

 

 

 

               sg.           nom.        borg                                                       pl.            nom.        borgir

 

               acc.         borg                                                                      acc.         borgir

 

               dat.          borg                                                                      dat.          borgum

 

               gen.         borgar                                                                   gen.         borga

 

 

 

 

 

               (the rocky hill)                                                        (the rocky hills)

 

 

 

sg.           nom.        borgin                                                    pl.            nom.        borgirnar

 

               acc.         borgina                                                                  acc.         borgirnar

 

               dat.          borginni                                                  dat.          borgunum

 

               gen.         borgarinnar                                                            gen.         borganna

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                              vatn   (lake) - neuter noun

 

 

 

               (a lake)                                                                  (lakes)

 

 

 

sg.           nom.        vatn                                                       pl.            nom.        vötn

 

               acc.         vatn                                                                      acc.         vötn

 

               dat.          vatni                                                                     dat.          vötnum

 

               gen.         vatns                                                                    gen.         vatna

 

 

 

               (the lake)                                                               (the lakes)

 

 

 

sg.           nom.        vatniđ                                                    pl.            nom.        vötnin

 

               acc.         vatniđ                                                                    acc.         vötnin

 

               dat.          vatninu                                                                  dat.          vötnunum

 

               gen.         vatnsins                                                 gen.         vatnanna

 

Jökull, borg, and vatn appear frequently as compounds in Icelandic geographic place-names, such as in Snćfellsjökull, Vatnajökull, Jökulsá á Fjöllum, etc.; Eldborg, Vikraborgir, Ţrengslaborgir, etc.; and Vatnaöldur, Grćnavatn, Veiđivötn, etc., respectively.

Another grammatical characteristic that Icelandic shares with English is radical changes in spelling of words in different grammatical cases and from singular to plural forms. For example, the Icelandic word for mountain, fjall, becomes fjöll in the nominative (and accusative) plural (mountains) as in Hverfjall, Hlíđarfjall, Fögrufjöll, and Dyngjufjöll. A usually isolated mountain in Icelandic is called a fell, as in Búrfell or Snćfellsjökull. The Icelandic word for island, ey, such as in Surtsey, becomes eyjar in the genitive singular, as in Eldeyjarbođi, or when used in the plural for a group of islands (Vestmannaeyjar). The genitive singular case is commonly used in the first part of compound place-names in Icelandic.

The Icelandic desire to maintain the "purity" of its spoken and written language is shown in its resistance to acceptance of foreign loanwords. Hence, there is a great lack of cognates in the modern technical and scientific literature. Rather than accept foreign words, most new technical and scientific words are coined from existing Icelandic words. In addition to the challenge of learning Icelandic, the serious student of the geoscience literature of Iceland is faced with also learning a specialized scientific vocabulary with few cognates.

The appendix on Icelandic-English Glossary of Selected Geoscience Terms will assist the reader in making a smoother transition to and a better understanding of Icelandic place-names and other geoscience terms commonly used on maps and in the geoscience literature of Iceland. For those readers interested in the origin of Icelandic geographic place-names, the publications of Örnefnastofnun Ţjóđminjasafns, Suđurgötu 41, IS-101 Reykjavík, are expecially usefull. In 1980 and 1983, respectively, the Director of Örnefnastofnun Ţjóđminjasafns, Dr. Ţórhallur Vilmundarson, edited and published the first two volumes of Grímnir (Rit um nafnfrćđi), a periodical devoted to scholarly research into the origin of geographic place-names in Iceland (Ţórhallur Vilmundarson, 1980 and 1983). The best reference work to Icelandic geographic place-names is the two-volume set "Landiđ ţitt", later expanded into six volumes by Ţorsteinn Jósepsson and Steindór Steindórsson (1981, 1983, and 1984) and Ţorsteinn Jósepsson and others (1982,1984, and 1985).

The Icelandic-English Glossary of Selected Geoscience Terms has been compiled from a variety of published sources, including glossaries or indexes included in various scientific publications, map legends or explanations, guidebooks, textbooks, journal articles, and selected dictionaries. A list of these appears at the end of the glossary in Glossary sources.

The following Icelandic-English Glossary of Selected Geoscience Terms is organized into four columns: Icelandic word (nominative singular); class of word and gender (nm, noun-masculine; nf, noun-feminine; nn, noun-neuter; am, adjective-masculine; af, adjective-feminine; an, adjective-neuter; ad, adverb; p, preposition; and c, conjunction); Icelandic word (nominative plural); and equivalent word(s) in English. Synonyms of Icelandic words are given in parentheses in the first column. Icelandic words are given for most of the subdisciplines of geology, geophysics, and geochemistry, and related subdisciplines in the geosciences. In most cases the addition of the -ingur suffix to the Icelandic word for a scientific discipline will yield the correct word for the scientist active in that discipline. For example, jarđfrćđi is the Icelandic word for geology; jarđfrćđingur is the Icelandic word for a geologist.

Superscripts (asterisks or numbers) and dashes are used throughout the glossary to assist the reader. A single asterisk (*) signifies a loanword, a word borrowed intact or slightly naturalized from another language. It is either used independently or in a compound word (combined with an Icelandic word). A double asterisk (**) indicates that the plural form is not used in the same context. A triple asterisk (***) signifies that a plural form exists but is not commonly used . In many instances, the plural form exists in a “grammatical” sense but is not necessarily used in a “geological” sense. A dash (-) indicates either that there is no plural form or the plural form is not used - or that there is no singular form or the singular form is not used. All other superscripts are defined in Glossary notes.


Icelandic-English Glossary

ICELANDIC

ENGLISH

Singular

Class/Gender

Plural

afflćđi

nn

 

regression

afrétt(ur)

nm

afréttir

highland pasture(s)

akur

nm

akrar

field(s)

alda

nf

öldur

rounded "smooth" ridge(s), waves(s)

almenn jarđfrćdi

af+nf

 

general or physical geology

andhverfa

nf

andhverfur

anticline(s)

andhverfuás

nm

andhverfuásar

anticlinal axis (es)

apalhraun

nn

apalhraun

aa lava, blocky lava

aska
(gosmöl, gjóska, gosaska, & vikur)

nf

 

tephra, volcanic ash

askja

nf

öskjur

caldera(s)

aur
-
(sandur)

nm
nm

-
aurar
(sandar)

mud
glacial outwash
area, sandur

aurkeila

nf

aurkeilur

alluvial fan(s)

austur (1)

 

nn/ad

east

á

nf

ár

river(s), stream(s)

áflćđi

nn
nm

-
áraurar

transgression
fluvial sediments

árbugđa

nf

árbugđur

meander(s)

árset

nn

árset

fluvial deposit(s)

ás

nm

ásar

small ridge(s)

 

bakki

nm

bakkar

the bank of a brook, stream, river or the sea; the edge of a gjá, the land along the coast or a river; a hill or low lying ridge

basalthraun*

nn

basalthraun*

basaltic lava flows

basískur* (4)

am

basískir* (4)

basic

berg (steinn)

nn

berg

rock(s)

bergásýnd

nf

bergásýndir

facies

bergfrćđi
(bergtegundafrćđi)

nf

 

petrology

berggangur

nm

berggangar

dike(s)

berggeitill

nm

berggeitlar

laccolith(s)

berggrunnur

nm

**

bedrock

berghlaup
(bergskriđa/skriđuhlaup)

nn

berghlaup

rockslide(s)

berghleifur

nm

berghleifar

batholith(s)

bergkvika

nf

bergkvikur

magma

bergskriđa
(berghlaup/skriđuhlaup)
[less common, bergskriđ (nn)]

nf

bergskriđur

rockslide(s)

bergsprunga

nf

bergsprungur

tectonic fracture(s), eruption fissure(s)

bergtegundafrćđi
(bergfrćđi)

nf

 

petrology

bergćđ

nf

bergćđar

vein(s)

bjarg

nn

björg

cliff(s), rock(s), crag(s)

blágrýti

nn

 

basalt (fine-grained) (usually Tertiary-age)

borg

nf

borgir

rocky hill(s), city(ies), fortification(s), castle(s)

borhola

nf

borholur

borehole(s)

botn

nm

botnar

bottom, head of a valley or fjord

bólstraberg

nn

 

pillow lava

brekka

nf

brekkur

slope(s)

breksía* (brotaberg)

nf

breksíur*

breccia(s)

brennisteinn

nm

 

sulphur

brennisteinnshver (3)

nm

brennissteinshverir (3)

solfatara(s)

brotaberg

nn

 

breccia

brotakerfi

nn

brotakerfi

fracture systems(s)

bruni

nm

brunar

burning; in the singular form it also means a lava field

brunnur

nm

brunnar

wells(s), spring(s), usually manmade

brú

nf

brýr

bridge(s)

brún

nf

brúnir

edge(s), border(s)

brúnkol (surtarbrandur)

nn

brúnkol

lignite

bunga

nf

bungur

rounded hill(s)

byggđ

nf

byggđir

inhabited district(s)

bćr

nm

bćir

farm(s), town(s), farmhouse(s), borough(s)

 

daljökull

nm

daljöklar

valley glacier(s)

dalur

nm

dalir

valley(s), dale(s)

dasít*

nn

 

dacite

díabas*
(dólerít*/grágrýti)

nn

 

dolerite

dílótt storkuberg

an+nn

 

porphyritic igneous rock

djúp

nn

djúp

deep, part of the sea, long inlet

djúpberg

nn

 

plutonic rock

dólerít*
(díabas*/grágrýti)

nn

 

dolerite

drag

nn

drög

shallow or indistinct water course(s)

dragá

nf

dragár

direct run-off river(s)

drangi/drangur

nm

drangar

isolated column(s) or pillars of rock

dyngja

nf

dyngjur

shield volcano(es), lava shield(s), dome(s)

dyngjuhvirfill

nm

dyngjuhvirflar

top of shield volcano(es) or lava shield(s)

dyngjuröđ

nf

dyngjurađir

lava shield row(s)

 

eftir ísöld (nútími)

p+nf

 

Post-Pleistocene, postglacial, Holocene

eldborg

nf

eldborgir

lava ring(s), lava cone(s)

eldborgaröđ

nf

eldborgarađir

lava cone row(s)

eldfjall (eldstöđ)

nn

eldfjöll

volcano(es)

eldgjá

nf

eldgjár

lava fissure(s)

eldgos

nf

eldgos

volcanic eruption(s)

eldhryggur

nm

eldhryggir

stratified ridge(s), composite ridge(s)

eldkeila

nf

eldkeilur

stratovolcano(es), composite cone(s)

eldstöđ (eldfjall)

nf

eldstöđvar

volcano(es), eruption crater(s) or site(s)

eldur

nm

eldar

fire(s), volcanic eruption(s)

eldvirkni

nf

 

volcanism, volcanic activity

engi

nn

engi

meadow(s), grassland(s)

ey

nf

eyjar

island(s), isle(s)

eyri

nf

eyrar

sandspit(s), gravel bank(s), delta(s), sand

eystri (1)

ad

 

farther east

 

falljökull

nm

falljöklar

ice fall(s)

fasajafnvćgi

nn

 

phase equilibria

fell

nn

fell

hill(s), mountain(s), generally, but not in all cases, isolated

felling

nf

fellingar

fold(s)

fjall

nn

fjöll

mountain(s)

fjallgarđur

nm

fjallgarđar

mountain range(s)

fjalljökull

nm

fjalljöklar

mountian glacier(s)

fjara (strönd)

nf

fjörur

beach(es), ebb, ebb-tide, low water

fjarkönnun

nf

 

remote sensing

fjörđur

nm

firđir

fjord(s)

flikruberg

nn

flikruberg

ignimbrite(s), welded ash-flow tuff(s)

flöguberg

nn

flöguberg

shale(s)

flóđ

nn

flóđ

flood(s)

fljót

nn

fljót

large river(s)

flói

nm

flóar

large bay(s), marsh(es), fens

fokjarđvegur

nm

 

loess

foksandur

nm

forksandar

eolian sand

fornlífsöld

nf

 

Paleozoic Era

fornsegulmagn

nn

 

paleomagnetism

forsögulegur (4)

am

forsögulegir (4)

prehistoric

forsöguleg (4)

af

forsöguleg (4)

prehistoric

forsögulegt (4)

an

forsöguleg (4)

prehistoric

foss

nm

fossar

waterfall(s)

framskriđ

nn

framskriđ

glacier advance

frumlífsöld

nf

 

Proterozoic Era

 

gabbró*

nn

gabbró*

gabbro

gangur

nm

gangar

dike(s)

garđur

nm

garđar

garden(s), yard(s), dike or low wall of earth or stone

geislasamsćta

nf

gelslasamsćtur

radioisotopes

geislasteinn

nm

geislasteinar

zeolite(s)

gervigígur

nm

gervigígar

pseudocrater(s), rootless cone(s)

gil

nn

gil

ravine(s), gorge(s), gully(ies)

gígur

nm

gígar

crater(s)

gjall

nn

gjall

scoria, cinder

gjallgígur

nm

gjallgígar

scoria cone(s)

gjallgígaröđ

nf

gjallgígarađir

scoria cone row(s)

gjallkenndur4

am

gjallkenndir

scoriaceous

gjallkennd4

af

gjallkenndar4

scoriaceous

gjallkennt4

an

gjallkennd4

scoriaceous

gjá

nf

gjár

tectonic fissure(s)/chasm(s)/cleft(s)

gjóska (gosmöl/gosaska/aska/vikur)

nf

gjóskur

tephra/pyroclastics [infrequently used]

gjóskuberg

nn

gjóskuberg

tuff (indurated)

gljúfur

nn

gljúfur

rocky ravine(s), canyon(s), gorge(s)

gnípa

nf

gnípur

pinnacle(s), peak(s), mountain summit(s)

gnúpur (núpur/hnjúkur)

nm

gnúpar

peak(s), steep mountain(s)

gos (2)

nn

gos2

eruption(s) of volcanoes and geysers

gosaska (aska/gosmöl/gjóska/vikur)

nf

gosöskar

tephra, volcanic ash [infrequently used]

gosbelti

nn

gosbelti

volcanic zone(s)

gosberg

nn

-

extrusive (volcanic) rock(s)

goshver (3)

nm

goshverir (3)

geyser

gosketill (askja)

nm

goskatlar

caldera(s)

gosmöl (gjóska/vikur/gosaska/aska)

nf

-

tephra

gossprunga

nf

gossprungur

eruptive fissure(s)

grágrýti (dólerít*/díabas*)

nn

grágrýti

dolerite(s)

granít*

nn

-

granite

granófýr*

nn

-

granophyre

grettistak (grjót)

nn

grettistök

glacial erratic(s)

grjót (grettistak/stórgrýti)
**

nn
-
nn

**
 
grjót

stones/glacial erratic(s)
 
rocky area

grop

nn

-

porosity

grunn

nn

grunn

shoal(s), shallows

grunnvatn

nn

grunnvötn

ground water

grunnvatnsborđ

nn

grunnvatnsborđ

groundwater table(s)

grunnvatnsskil

nn

grunnvatnsskil

groundwater divide(s)

grćnn (4)

am

grćnir (4)

green

grćn (4)

af

grćnar (4)

green

grćnt (4)

an

grćn (4)

green

gufa

nf

gufur

steam, vapor(s)

gufuhver (3)

nm

gufuhverir (3)

fumerole(s), solfatara(s), steam vent(s)

 

haf (sjór)

nn

höf

sea(s), ocean(s)

hafís

nm

***

sea ice

hagi

nm

hagar

pasture(s)

háhitasvćđi (3)

nn

-

high-temperature geothermal area (+200o C. at 1 km depth)

hálendi

nn

-

highlands

halli (jarđlagahalli)

nm

hallar

geologic dip(s)

háls

nm

hálsar

ridge(s)

hamar

nm

hamrar

crag(s), cliff(s), precipice(s), rock(s)

haugur

nm

haugar

hummock(s)

heiđi

nf

heiđar

heath(s)

hellir

nm

hellar

cave(s), cavern(s)

helluhraun

nn

helluhraun

pahoehoe lava(s), smooth lava(s)

héađ

nn

héruđ

region(s), district(s), locality(ies)

hitaveita

nf

hitaveitur

district-heat distribution systems(s) (geothermal)

hjalli

nm

hjallar

terrace(s)

hjarn

nn

***

firn

hlíđ

nf

hlíđar

slope(s), mountainside(s)

hljóđbrot

nn

hljóđbrot

seismic refraction(s)

hljóđhrađamćling

nf

hljóđhrađamćlingar

exploration seismology; seismic survey(s)

hljóđspeglun

nf

hljóđspeglanir

seismic reflection(s)

hlýskeiđ

nn

hlýskeiđ

interglacial

hnjúkur (núpur/gnúpur)

nm

hnjúkar

peak(s)

hnullungur

nm

hnullungar

cobble(s)/boulder(s)

hnyđlingur

nm

hnyđlingar

xenolith(s)

hnyklaberg

nn

hnyklaberg

pillow lava(s) [infrequently used]

holt

nn

holt

hill(s)/wood(s)-(archaic meaning)

hop

nn

hop

glacier retreat(s) or recession(s)

hóll

nm

hólar

rounded hill(s), hillock(s), knoll(s)

hólmur

nm

hólmar

islet(s)

hóp (lónavötn)

nn

hóp

land-locked inlet(s) still influenced by tides

hrafntinna

nf

-

obsidian

hraun

nn

hraun

lava/lava flow(s), rock avalanche (rarely used; e.g., hrun)

hraundrýli

nn

hraundrýli

hornito(es)

(hraun) flćđi

nn

-

effusive lava flows [term only used during an eruption]

hraunhellir

nm

hraunhellar

lava tube(s)

hreppur

nm

hreppar

rural community(ies), districts(s)

hringrás vatnsins

nf+nn

-

hydrologic cycle

hrunskriđa (skriđur)

nf

hrunskriđur

talus

hryggur

nm

hryggir

ridge(s)

hús

nn

hús

house(s), building(s)

hvalbak

nn

havalbök

roche(s) moutonnée(s)

hvammur

nm

hvammar

grassy hollow(s), dell(s)

hvarfleir

nm

-

glacial varve(s)

hver (3)

nm

hverir (3)

hot spring(s) - (boiling or almost boiling water)

hverahrúđur

nn

hverahrúđur

hot-spring deposit(s)

hverfjall (öskugígur)

nn

hverfjöll

tephra ring(s)

hvítur (4)

am

hvítir (4)

white

hyrna

nf

hyrnur

mountain peak(s) (derived from horn)

hćđ

nf

hćđir

height(s)/hill(s)

höfđi

nm

höfđar

promontory(ies), cape(s), point(s), headland(s)

höfn

nf

hafnir

harbor(s), port(s)

 

innri (5)

a

-

inner

innskotsberg

nn

innskotsberg

intrusion(s)

innskotslag

nn

innskotslög

sill(s)

ís (6)

nm

ísar (6)

ice (singular); sea, lake, river ice (plural)

ísöld

nf

**

Pleistocene Epoch

ísrák (jökulrák)

nf

ísrákir

glacial stria(ae)

ísúr (4)

am

ísúrir (4)

intermediate silica composition (52-65 percent)

 

jafnskjálftalína

nf

jafnskjálftalínur

isoseism(s)

jarđeđlisfrćđi

nf

-

geophysics

jarđefnafrćđi

nf

-

geochemistry

jarđeldasvćđi

nn

jarđeldasvćđi

volcanic zone(s)

jarđfrćđi

nf

**

geology

**

nf

jarđfrćđi

geosciences

jarđfrćđikort

nn

jarđfrćđikort

geologic map(s)

jarđgas

nn

jarđgös

natural gas(es)

jarđgrunnskort

nn

jarđgrunnskort

surficial geologic map(s)

jarđgrunnur

nm

-

surficial deposits

jarđhitaleit

nf

-

geothermal exploration

jarđhiti

nm

-

geothermal heat, activity

jarđlag

nn

jarđlög

geologic stratum(a) or rock(s)

jarđlagafrćđi

nf

-

stratigraphy

jarđlagahalli (halli)

nm

jarđlagahallar

geologic dip(s)

jarđlagastrik (strik)

nn

jarđlagastrik

geologic strikes(s)

jarđmyndun (myndun)

nf

jarđmyndanir

geologic formations

jarđolía

nf

jarđolíur

petroleum (plural: several types of oil)

jarđsaga

nf

-

historical geology

jarđskjálftafrćđi

nf

-

seismology

jarđskjálftamćlir

nf

jarđskjálftamćlar

seismograph(s)

jarđskjálfti (landskjálfti)

nf

jarđskjálftar

earthquake(s)

jarđskorpuhreyfing

nf

jarđskorpuhreyfingar

tectonics

jarđskorpa

nf

-

lithosphere, crust

jarđskriđ

nn

jarđskriđ

solifluction(s)

jarđtrog

nn

jarđtrog

geosyncline(s)

jarđvatn

nn

-

subsurface water

jarđvegur

nm

-

soil(s)

jökulá (jökulsá)

nf

jökulár

glacier river(s)

jökulalda (jökulgarđur/jökulurđ)

nf

jökulöldur

terminal moraine(s), drumlin(s)

jökulárset

nn

jökulárset

fluvioglacial deposit(s)

jökulberg

nn

-

tillite

jökulbreiđa

nf

jökulbreiđur

ice sheet(s)

-

nf

jöklabreytingar (jökulbreytingar)

glacier variation

jökuleyđing

nf

-

deglaciation (7)

jökulgap

nn

-

bergschrund

jökulgarđur (jökulalda/jökulurđ)

nm

jökulgarđar

terminal moraine(s) (moraines)

jökulhetta

nf

jökulhettur

ice cap(s)

jökulhlaup

nn

jökulhlaup

glacier outburst flood(s)

jökulkast

nn

jökulköst

calving(s) of glacier terminus

jökulkemba

nf

jökulkembur

fluted moraine(s)

jökulker

nn

jökulker

ice kettle(s), ice cauldron(s)

jökull

nm

jöklar

glacier(s)

jökulrák (ísrák)

nf

jökulrákir

glacial stria(ae)

jökulruđningur

nm

jökulruđningar

glacial till(s); ground moraine; glacial drift

jökulrönd

nf

jökulrendur/ jökulrandir

margin(s) of a glacier

jökulröst

nf

jökulrastir

ice stream(s)

jökulá (jökulsá)

nf

jökulár

glacier river(s)

jökulskál

nf

jökulskálar/jökulskálir

cirque(s)

jökulskeiđ

nn

jökulskeiđ

glacial epoch(s)

jökulsker

nn

jökulsker

nunatak(s)

jökulsprunga

nf

jökulsprungur

glacier crevasse(s)

jökulsvarf

nn

-

glacial abrasion (e.g., fine particles)

jökulsvörfun

nf

-

glacial erosion (the process)

jökultunga

nf

jökultungur

glacier tongue(s)

jökulurđ (jökulalda/jökulgarđur)

nf

jökulurđir

moraine(s)

jörđ

nf

jarđir

earth, soil, Earth, farm(s)

 

kalkhrúđur

nn

kalkrúđur

calcium carbonate deposit(s) from a hot spring

kambur

nm

kambar

crest of hill

kaupstađur

nm

kaupstađir

Icelandic town(s) with a special legal and administrative status: Reykjavík and 22 others

kauptún

nn

kauptún

village(s)

keilugangur

nf

keilugangar

inclined sheet(s) (intrusions), cone sheets

kelda

nf

keldur

pool(s), bottomless pit(s)

ker (sprengigígur)

nn

ker

maar(s)

kirkja

nf

kirkjur

church(es)

kísilgúr

nm

-

diatomite

kísilhrúđur

nn

-

silica deposit(s) from a hot spring

kleif

nf

kleifar

very steep slope(s), narrow (steep) passage(s), narrow glen(s) on a mountainside, rock(s), slanted on top

klepragígur

nm

klepragígar

spatter cone(s), scoria cones

klepragígaröđ

nf

klepragígarađir

spatter cone row(s), crater row(s); mixed cone row(s)

klettur

nm

klettar

cliff(s)/crag(s)/rock(s)

klif

nn

klif

very narrow path(s) or passage(s)/ mountain pass(es), steep rock(s)

kol

nn

kol

coal (singular: coil in electric motor)

kornastćrđ

nf

kornastćđir

grain size(s)

kort (landabréf/landkort/uppdráttur)

nn

kort

map(s)

krókur

nm

krókar

crook/sharp bend/nook/corner or enclosed area hidden from view in the landscape

kubbaberg

nn

-

cube-jointed basalt

kvarter*

nn

-

Quaternary Period

kviksynđi

nn

kviksyndir

quagmire(s)

kvikuţró

nf

kvikuţrćr

magma chamber(s)

kvísl

nf

kvíslir

river(s), tributary(ies)

 

lag

nn

lög

layer(s), stratum(a)

lagskipting

nf

***

stratification

lághitasvćđi (3)

nn

lághitasvćđi (3)

low-temperature geothermal area(s) (+150o C. at 1 km depth)

land

nn

lönd

land(s) area(s)

landabréf (kort/landkort/uppdráttur)

nn

landabréf

map(s)

landabréfabók

nf

landabréfabćkur

atlas(es)

landafrćđi

nf

-

geography

landkort (kort/landabréf/uppdráttur)

nn

landkort

map(s)

landmćling

nf

landmćlingar

geodetic surveying

landmótunarfrćđi

nf

-

geomorphology

landrek

nn

-

continental drift/plate tectonics

landskjálfti (jarđskjálfti)

nm

landskjálftar

earthquake(s)

laug (3)

nf

laugar

warm spring(s)

leir

nm

**

clay

leira

nf

leirur

a muddy area, periodically flooded, in rivers or along shores of lakes

leirhver (3)

nm

leirhverir (3)

mudpot, boiling mudpot

leirsteinn

nm

-

mudstone, siltstone

lekt

jnf

-

permeability

leysing

nf

leysingar

ablation

leysingarvatn

nn

-

meltwater

lind

nf

lindir

spring(s)

lindá

nf

lindár

spring-fed river(s)

lindakalk

nn

-

travertine

líparít* (ljósgrýti)

nn

líparít*

rhyolite

ljósgrýti (líparít*)

nn

ljósgrýtí

rhyolite

ljósgrýtistúff*

nn

ljósgrýtistúff*

rhyolitic tuff(s)

loftslag

nn

-

climate

loftsteinn

nm

loftsteinar

meteorite(s)

lón

nn

lón

lagoon(s), inlet(s)

lónavatn (hóp)

nn

lónavötn

land-locked inlet(s) still influenced by tides

lćkur

nm

lćkir

brook(s)

 

malarás

nm

malarásar

esker(s)

málmgrýti

nn

-

ore

megineldstöđ

nf

megineldstöđvar

central volcano(es)

melur

nm

melar

gravel(s)

miđlífsöld

nf

-

Mesozoic Era

misgengi

nn

misgengi

fault(s)

misgengisstallur

nm

misgengisstallar

fault scarp(s)

mislćgi

nn

mislćgi

unconformity(ies)

móberg

nn

-

tuff(s)/hyaloclastite(s), palagonite(s)

-

nf

móbergsbreksíur

hyaloclastite breccia

móbergshryggur

nm

móbergshryggir

hyaloclastite/palagonite ridges(s)

móbergsmyndun

nf

móbergsmyndanir

palagonite formation(s)

móbergsset

nn

móbergsset

tuffaceous sediment(s)

móbergsstapi (stapi)

nm

móbergsstapar

table mountain(s)

móbergsţursi

nm

-

palagonitic breccia

múli

nm

múlar

low, rounded mountain(s), headland(s)

myndbreyting

nf

myndbreytingar

metamorphism

myndbreytt berg

an+nn

mydnbreytt berg

metamorphic rock(s)

myndun (jarđmyndun)

nf

myndanir

geologic formation(s)

mynni

nn

mynni

mouth(s), outlet(s)

mýri

nf

mýrar

bog(s), mire(s)

mćlikvarđi

nm

mćlikvarđar

scale(s)

möl

nf

-

gravel(s), pebble(s)

 

náma

nf

námur

quarry(ies), pit(s), mine(s)

náttúrlegt umhverfi

an +nn

natturleg umhverfi

natural environment(s)

nes (skagi)

nn

nes

peninsula(s), headland(s), point(s), cape(s)

norđur1

nn/ad

-

north

núpur (hnjúkur/gnúpur)

nm

núpar

peak(s)

nútími (eftir ísöld)

nm

-

Holocene or Recent Epoch

 

nyrđri1

a

-

northern

nýlífsöld

nf

-

Cenozoic Era

 

oddi

nm

oddar

promontory(ies), point(s), tongue(s) of land

ós

nm

ósar

mouth(s) of a riverstuary(ies)

óseyri

nf

óseyrar

delta(s)

 

perlusteinn

nm

-

perlite

 

rafsegulmćling

nf

rafsegulmćlingar

electromagnetic survey(s)

rauđur4

am

rauđir4

red

rekbelti

nn

rekbelti

rift zone(s)

rétt segulmögnun

an+nn

-

normal polarity

reykur

nm

reykir

smoke, steam

rif

nn

rif

reef(s), bank(s)

rishryggur

nm

rishryggir

horst(s)

rof

nn

rof

denudation

rofabarđ

nn

rofabörđ

soil patch(es)

rúst

nf

rústir

palsa(en), ruin(s)

rönd á
skriđjökli

nf+p
+nm

randir/rendur
á skriđjökli

medial moraine(s)

röst

nf

rastir

strong ocean (tidal) current(s)

 

samhverfa

nf

samhverfur

syncline(s)

samhverfuás

nm

samhverfuásar

synclinal axis(es)

samsćtuhlutfall

nn

samsćtuhlutföll

isotopic ratio(s)

sandalda

nf

sandöldur

dune(s)

sandsteinn

nm

-

sandstone

sandur

nm

sandar (aurar)

sand, area(s) of sand, glacial outwash plain(s)

segulmagn

nn

-

magnetic polarity

segulmćling

nf

segulmćlingar

geomagnetic survey(s)

set

nn

set

sediment(s)

setberg

nn

-

sedimentary rocks

setlag

nn

setlög

sedimentary deposit(s), clastic sediment(s)

setmyndun

nf

setmyndanir

sedimentation

sífreri

nm

-

permafrost

sigdalur/sigdćld

nf

sigdalir/sigdćldir

graben(s)

siggengi

nn

siggengi

normal fault(s)

sigketill

nm

sigkatlar

collapse cauldron(s) on a glacier or a volcano

sjávarrof

nn

-

wave abrasion or erosion

sjór (haf)

nm

sjóir

sea(s), ocean(s), seawater, waves or breakers [sjóir (large waves)]

skagi (nes)

nm

skagar

peninsula(s); headland(s), cape(s)

skarđ

nn

skörđ

mountain pass(es)

skálarjökull

nm

skálarjöklar

cirque glacier(s)

sker

nn

sker

skerry(ies)

-

nn

skil

geologic contact(s)

skjálftamiđja

nf

skjálftamiđjur

epicenter(s)

**

nf

skjálftaupptök

hypocenter

skjálftavirkni

nf

-

seismicity

skógur

nm

skógar

wood(s), forest(s)

skriđjökull

nm

skriđjöklar

outlet glacier(s), valley glacier(s)

skriđuhlaup (bergskriđ/berghlaup)

nn

skriđuhlaup

rock avalanche(s)

skriđa (hrunskriđa)

nm

skriđur

talus

skriđukeila

nf

skriđukeilur

alluvial cone(s)

slétta

nf

sléttur

plain(s), field(s), an area of level ground

snefilefni
útbreiđsla

nn+
nf

snefilefni
utbreiđslur

trace element distribution(s)

sniđgengi

nn

sniđgengi

strike-slip fault(s)

snjóflóđ (skjóskriđa)

nn

snjóflóđ

snow avalanche(s)

snjór (8)

nm

snjóar (8)

snow/lots of snow, layers of snow, snowfall(s)

snjóskriđa (snjoflód)

nf

snjóskriđur

snow avalanche(s)

snćlína

nf

snćlínur

snow line(s)

snćr (8)

nm

-

snow

sprengigígaröđ (öskugíraröđ)

nm

sprengígarađir

tephra ring row(s)

sprengigígur (ker)

nm

sprengigígar

maar(s)

sprengigjá

nf

sprengigjár

explosion fissure(s), maar row(s)

explosion chasm(s)sprunga

nf

sprungur

fissure(s), crack(s), fracture(s)

stađur

nm

stađir

place(s), spot(s)

stapi (móbergsstapi)

nm

stapar

rocky hill(s), bluff(s), table mountain(s)

steinafrćđi

nf

-

mineralogy

steingervingafrćđi

nf

-

paleontology

steingervingur

nm

steingervingar

fossil(s)

steinn (berg)

nm

steinar

stone(s), rock(s)

steind

nf

steindir

mineral(s)

steintegund

nf

steintegundir

rock type(s)

stórgrýti

nn

stórgrýti

large rock(s), boulder(s)

storkuberg

nn

storkuberg

igneous rock(s)

strandlína

nf

strandlínur

raised beach(es), coastline(s), terrace(s)

strik (jarđlagastrik)

nn

strik

geologic strike

strönd (fjara)

nf

strendur/strandir

coast(s), shore(s), beache(es), strand(s)

stöđ

nf

stöđvar

station(s)

stöđug samsćta

af+
nf

stöđugar
samsćtur

stable isotopes

suđa

nf

suđur

boiling(s); suđur is infrequently used

suđur (1)

nn/ad

-

south

súr(4)

am

súrir(4)

acidic (more than 65 percent SiO2) rocks (also applies to pH of liquids)

surtarbrandur (brúnkol)

nm

-

lignite

svartur (4)

am

svartir (4)

black

sveit

nf

sveitir

countryside, rural district(s)

svćđi

nn

svćđi

area(s), place(s), region(s), tract(s) of land

svörfun

nf

-

erosion

syđri (1)

a

-

southern

sýsla

nf

sýslur

county(ies)

sćluhús

nn

sćluhús

hut(s), emergency hut(s)

 

tangi

nm

tangar

narrow peninsula(s), promontory(ies), point(s) of land

tertíer*

nn

-

Tertiary Period

tímabil

nn

tímabil

period(s)

tindur

nm

tindar

pinnacle(s), summit(s)

tjörn

nf

tjarnir

small lake(s); pond(s); pool(s); tarn(s)

tunga

nf

tungur

tongue(s) of land usually between several rivers

tún

nn

tún

fertilized farm field(s)

 

undir jökli

p+nm

undir jöklum

subglacial, beneath glaciers

uppblástur (vindrof)

nm

-

denudation, wind erosion

uppdráttur (kort/landkort/landabréf)

nm

uppdrćttir

map(s)

upphafsöld

nf

-

Archeozoic Era

útkulnađur4

am

útkulnađir4

inactive, extinct

 

vađ

nn

vöđ

ford(s)

varđa

nf

vörđur

cairn(s)

vatn

nn

vötn

lake(s)/water

vatnafrćđi

nf

-

hydrology

vatnaset

nn

vatnaset

alluvium

vatnaskil

nn

vatnaskil

water divide(s)

vatnasviđ

nn

vatnasviđ

drainage basin(s)

vatnsgildi
snćvar

nn+
nm

-

water equivalent of snow

vatnshver (3)

nm

vatnshverir (3)

hot spring(s)

veđrun

nf

 

weathering

veđur

nn

 

weather

vegur

nm

vegir

road(s), path(s), way(s), route(s)

ver

nn

ver

wet area(s), highland bog(s), nesting area(s), fishing station(s) or place(s)

vestur (1)

nn/ad

 

western

viđnámsmćling

nf

viđsnámsmćlingar

electrical resistance measurement(s)/survey(s)

vikur (aska/gosmöl/gjóska/gosaska)

nn

vikrar

pumice, lapilli, pumice flats or pumice-covered area(s)

vík

nf

víkur

bay(s), cove(s), creek(s)

vindrof (uppblástur)

nn

vindrof

deflation

virkur4

am

virkir4

active

viti

nm

vitar

lighthouse(s)

víti

nn

víti

hell / also used for explosive volcanic craters or maars

vogur

nm

vogar

inlet(s), cove(s), creek(s)

volgra (3)

nf

volgrur (3)

lukewarm spring(s)

völlur

nm

vellir

field(s), plain(s)

völuberg

nn

 

conglomerate

 

yfirborđslag

nn

yfirborđslög

surficial layer(s)

yfirborđsvatn

nn

 

surface water

ytri (5)

am

ytri (5)

outer

ytri (5)

af

ytri (5)

outer

ytra (5)

an

ytru (5)

outer

 

ţelaurđ

nf

ţelaurđir

rock glacier(s)

ţing

nn

ţing

meeting(s), parliament(s)

ţorp

nn

ţorp

village(s)

ţúfa

nf

ţúfur

frost mound(s), small hillock(s), mound(s), knoll(s)

ţursaberg

nn

ţursaberg

breccia

ţyngdarafl jarđar

nn+nf

 

gravity

ţyngdarmćling

nf

ţyngdarmćlingar

gravity survey(s)

 

öfugt segulmagn

an+nn

-

reverse polarity

ölkelda

nf

ölkeldur

cold, carbon dioxide spring(s)

-

nm

örćfi

wasteland, desert, wilderness

öskufall

nn

-

tephra fall

öskugígaröđ (sprengigígaröđ)

nf

öskugígarađir

tephra ring row(s)

öskulagatímatal

nn

öskulagatímatöl

tephrochronology(ies)

öskugígur (hverfjall)

nm

öskugígar

tephra ring(s)

öxi (9)

nf

axir (9)

axe(s)

Glossary Notes

1. Austur (east), vestur (west), norđur (north), and suđur (south) can be nouns (neuter) as well as adverbs; it all depends on the context in which they are used. As in English, the above adverbial form is the positive one; they also exist as adjectives in the comparative and superlative forms:

Positive (Adv.) Comparative (Adj.) Superlative (Adj.)

austur eystri or austari austastur

vestur vestri or vestari vestastur

norđur nyrđri or norđari nyrstur

suđur syđri syđstur

2. Gos is also used in the vernacular as an abbreviation for gosdrykkur, the Icelandic word for soda pop or a soft drink.

3. Geothermal activity in Iceland is divided into two types of areas on the basis of water temperature at a depth of 1 kilometer: (1) háhitasvćđi (high-temperature areas (+200oC)) which have leirhverir or brennissteinshverir (solfataras), gufuhverir (fumeroles), goshverir (geysers), etc.; and lághitasvćđi (low-temperature areas (+150oC)) which have a variety of types of vatnshverir (springs), such as hverir (hot springs; >70oC), laugar (warm springs; 30oC-70oC), and volgrur (lukewarm springs; <30oC). The distinction between hver and laug is not based solely on the water temperature; it varies throughout Iceland, depending on what is considered to be “warm” or “hot” in each district.

4. Adjectives usually have different forms in the singular and plural of masculine, feminine, and neuter grammatical genders; for example, the word green:

Singular Plural

masculine grćnn grćnir

feminine grćn grćnar

neuter grćnt grćn

5. Inner in Icelandic only exists as comparative (innri) and superlative (innstur) adjectives; the same holds true for outer, with ytri the comparative and ystur the superlative form of the adjective.

6. Ís is also used in the vernacular as the Icelandic word for ice cream; in the plural (ísar) it means ice cream cones, but it can also mean ice from a meteorological standpoint.

7. Deglaciation can also be expressed as eyđing jökla.

8. Snjór (snow) is a masculine noun which has very irregular declensions, including multiple spelling variations within the singular cases:

singular: nominative snjór, snćr, snjár

accusative snjó, snć, snjá

dative snjó, snć (vi), snjá (vi)

genitive snjós/snjóar, snćvar, snjávar, snjóvar

plural: nominative snjóar

accusative snjóa

dative snjóum

genitive snjóa

9. Axar (ax) is the form of the genitive case or declension; for example, Axarfjörđur.

Glossary sources

The Icelandic-English Glossary of Selected Geoscience Terms was derived from a variety of publications. In addition, I would like to give special acknowledgement to fifteen Icelandic geoscientists who critically reviewed the glossary and accompanying text and who also recommended terms for inclusion in the glossary: Helgi Björnsson, geophysicist (glaciology) and Professor, University of Oslo (Norway); Páll Einarsson, geophysicist (seismology); and Leó Kristjánsson, geophysicist (geomagnetism) - Science Institute, University of Iceland; Gylfi Már Guđbergsson, geographer (land use/botany); and Sigurđur Steinţórsson, geologist (petrology), all professors in the Department of Geosciences, University of Iceland; Karl Grönvold, geologist (petrology); and Guđrun Larsen, geologist (tephrochronology) - Nordic Volcanological Institute, University of Iceland; Haukur Tómasson, geologist (regional geology) - Icelandic Museum of Natural History; the late Sigurjón Rist, hydrologist (surface water/glaciology); Jón Jónsson, geologist (regional geology); Kristján Sćmundsson, geologist (regional geology); Guđmundur Pálmason, geophysicist (heat flow); Oddur Sigurđsson, glaciologist; and Helgi Torfason, geologist (regional geology) - Icelandic Natural Energy Authority; Jón Benjamínsson, geologist - Icelandic National Center for Hygiene, Food Quality, and Environmental Protection; and and Haraldur Sigurđsson, geologist (volcanology/marine geology) - School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island; and the late U.S. Icelandic language scholar, John G. Allee, Jr., Professor Emeritus, Department of English, George Washington University. I am especially grateful to my very good friend and colleague, Gylfi Már Guđbergsson, for his superb comprehensive (and educational) review of the glossary and for his extraordinary patience in trying, for nearly three decades, to teach me the fascinating idiosyncracies of the Icelandic language.

 

The following were the principal published sources used to compile the glossary:

Armstrong, T.E., Roberts, B.B., and Swithinbank, C.W.M., 1973, Illustrated glossary of snow and ice: Scott Polar Research Institute, Cambridge, 60 p.

Arngrímur Sigurđsson, 1975, Íslensk-ensk orđabók: Prentsmiđjan Leiftur, Reykjavík, 942 p.

Árni Böđvarsson, editor, 1985, Íslensk orđabók (handa skólum og almenningi): Bókaútgáfa Menningarsjóđs, Reykjavík, 1263 p.

Barth, T.F.W., 1950, Volcanic geology, hot springs, and geysers of Iceland: Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 587, Washington, D.C., 175 p.

Einar B. Pálsson, editor, 1983, Orđanefnd byggingarverkfrćđinga: Orđasafn um fráveitur [Section 1]: Tímarit Verkfrćđingafélags Íslands, v. 68, no. 6, p. 98-101.

Einar B. Pálsson, editor, 1984, Orđanefnd byggingarverkfrćđinga: Orđasafn um fráveitur [Sections 2 and 3]: Tímarit Verkfrćđingafélags Íslands, v. 69, no. 2-4, p. 5-8.

Escritt, Tony, 1985, Iceland. A handbook for expeditions: London, the Iceland Information Centre, Ltd., 243 p.

Gylfi Már Guđbergsson, 1984, Landafrćđi: 1 hefti, Almenn landafrćđi Ísland, Námsgagnastofnun, Reykjavík, 160 p.

Hálfdánarson, Örlygur, 1981, Iceland road guide: Örn og Örlygur hf., Travel Books, third edition, Reykjavík, 440 p.

Haukur Jóhannesson, 1980, Jarđlagaskipan og ţróun rekbelta á Vesturlandi: Náttúrufrćđingurinn, v. 50, no. 1, p. 13-31.

Ingibjörg Kaldal and Skúli Víkingsson, 1979, Jökulsár í Skagafirđi; II, jarđgrunnskort: Orkustofnun, Raforkudeild Report No. OS79044/ROD16, October, Reykjavík, 3 sheets; scale, 1:50, 000.

Jóhannesson, Haukur, Jakobsson, Sveinn P., and Sćmundsson, Kristján, compilers, 1982, South Iceland: Sheet 6 in the Geological Map of Iceland series; scale, 1:250, 000, Icelandic Museum of Natural History-Iceland Geodetic Survey, Reykjavík.

Jón Benjamínsson, 1992, Orđaskrá í jarđfrćđi og skyldum greinum: Reykjavík, útgefandi, Jón Benjamínsson, 191 p.

Jón Eyţórsson, 1963, Orđasafn (Helztu heiti á ís og snjó á landi): Jökull, v. 13, p. 24-28.

Jón Eyţórsson, 1964, Orđasafn (Helztu heiti á hafísum): Jökull, v. 14, p. 90-94.

Kidson, Peter, 1966, Iceland. A traveller's guide: Ferđahandbćkur s/f, Reykjavík, 216 p.

Kidson, Peter, 1971, Iceland in a nutshell. Complete reference guide: Iceland Travel Books, Reykjavík, 240 p.

Kjartansson, Guđmundur, compiler, 1960, South-West Iceland: Sheet 3 in the Geological Map of Iceland series; scale, 1:250, 000, Museum of Natural History, Department of Geology and Geography; Distributed by the Iceland Geodetic Survey, Reykjavík.

Landmćlingar Íslands, n. d. (1980?), Vogar, Iceland-Ísland: Fjórđungsblöđin series, Sheet No. 1512-I; scale, 1:50, 000. Also published by the U.S. Defense Mapping Agency's Hydrographic/Topographic Center in A.M.S. Series C761.

Preusser, Hubertus, 1976, The landscapes of Iceland: Types and regions: Dr. W. Junk

b. v., Publishers, The Hague, 363 p.

Rannsóknastofnun landbúnađarins, 1968, Hafnir, Gullbringusýsla: Sheet 75 in the Vegetation Map of Iceland series; scale, 1:40, 000, Agricultural Research Institute- Iceland Geodetic Survey, Reykjavík.

Schutzbach, Werner, 1976, Island. Feuerinsel am Polarkreis: Ferdinand Dümmlers Verlag, Bonn, 269 p.

Schutzbach, Werner, 1985, Island. Feuerinsel am Polarkreis: second edition, Ferdinand Dümmlers Verlag, Bonn, 272 p.

Sigbjarnarson, Guttormur, Albertsson, Kristinn, and Einarsson, Kristinn, n. d., Geological Map of Krepputunga og Brúardalir: National Energy Authority, Electrical Power Division; scale, 1:83, 333. Reykjavík.

Sigurđur Örn Bogason, 1972, Ensk-íslenzk orđabók: Ísafoldarprentsmiđja hf., Reykjavík, 862 p.

Sćmundsson, Kristján, compiler, 1977, North East Iceland: Sheet 7 in the Geological Map of Iceland series; scale, 1:250, 000, Museum of Natuaral History-Iceland Geodetic Survey, Reykjavík.

Sören Sörenson, 1984, Ensk-íslensk orđabók (međ alfrćđilegu ívafi): Örn og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík, 1241 p.

Thorarinsson, Sigurđur, and Sćmundsson, Kristján, 1980, Volcanic activity in historial time: Jökull, v. 29 (1979), p. 29-32.

Thorarinsson, Sigurđur, editor, Einarsson, Trausti, and Kjartansson, Gudmundur, 1959, On the geology and geomorphology of Iceland: Geografiska Annaler, v. 41, no. 2-3, p. 135-169.

Tómas Tryggvason and Jón Jónsson, 1958, Jarđfrćđikort af nágrenni Reykjavíkur: Iđnađardeildar Atvinnudeildar Háskólans og Skrifstofu bćjarverkfrćđings; scale, 1:40, 000, Reykjavík.

Wood, C. A., Whitford-Stark, J. L., and Head, J.W., compilers, n. d., Iceland field itinerary: Basaltic Volcanism Study Project, Team 5, Distribution and Morphology of Basalt Deposits on Planets; Planetary Geology Group, Department of Geological Sciences, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island; National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Lunar Science Institute, 55 p.

Ţórhallur Vilmundarson, editor, 1980, Grímnir (Rit um nafnfrćđi): Örnefnastofnun Ţjóđminjasafns, Reykjavík, v. 1, 143 p.

Ţórhallur Vilmundarson, editor, 1983, Grímnir (Rit um nafnfrćđi): Örnefnastofnun Ţjóđminjasafns, Reykjavík, v. 2, 144 p.

Ţorleifur Einarsson, 1968, Jarđfrćđi. Saga bergs og lands: Mál og menning, Reykjavík, 335 p.

Ţorleifur Einarsson, 1973, Jarđfrćđi: Heimskringla, Reykjavík, 254 p.

Ţorsteinn Jósepsson and Steindór Steindórsson, 1981, Landiđ ţitt. Ísland: v. 2 (H-K), Örn og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík, 288 p.

Ţorsteinn Jósepsson and Steindór Steindórsson, 1983, Landiđ ţitt. Ísland: v. 4 (S-T), Örn og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík, 280 p.

Ţorsteinn Jósepsson and Steindór Steindórsson, 1984, Landiđ ţitt. Ísland: v. 1 (A-G), Örn og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík, 278 p.

Ţorsteinn Jósepsson, Steindór Steindórsson, and Páll Líndal, 1982, Landiđ ţitt. Ísland: v. 3 (L-R), Örn og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík, 340 p.

Ţorsteinn Jósepsson, Steindór Steindórsson, Björn Ţorsteinsson, og Guđjón Ármann Eyjólfsson, 1984, Landiđ ţitt. Ísland: v. 5 (U-O), Örn og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík, 271 p.

Ţorsteinn Jósepsson, Steindór Steindórsson, and Einar Laxness, 1985, Landiđ ţitt. Ísland: Lykilbók, Örn og Örlygur hf., Reykjavík, 416 p.

 


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